Death Penalty and Sale of Body Organs

On 25th April ‘Le Monde’ newspaper published an article on the sale of body organs in China of which more than 80% are taken from executed prisoners:
An International Centre for transplantation in Shenyang, North-East China is advertising the availability of organs for transplant, especially in December and January, the period before the Chinese New Year when most executions occur. It appears that organs can be ordered before the executions are carried out. Analysis for compatibility of ‘donor’ and recipient are made in advance. Japanese are the most numerous customers. Koreans, Ukrainians and Israelis are also customers.

Prices quoted are:
Kidney $62,000
Liver $100,000
Pancreas $150,000 to $170,000
Heart $160,000
Cornea $30,000
Prices include the cost of the operation and hospital care.
Much cheaper transplants are available in other parts of China. A potential customer in Ningxia was offered a kidney for 10,000 euros and told to contact the police or doctors to arrange a place in a clinic.
20,000 transplants are carried out in China in one year
A Japanese intermediary commented “This business is to the advantage of everyone, the hospital, local functionaries; all make money from foreign patients”
Between 2004 and the beginning of 2006 seven Japanese patients between 30 and 50 years old, died after kidney transplants in Shenyang, Shanghai, and Changsha. Malaysians have also died soon after similar transplants.
In March of this year the Ministry of Health introduced a temporary ruling forbidding traffic in organs. Hospitals were also forbidden to use organs without the consent of the donor. Although it does not say so explicitly, the ruling attempts to regulate the use of organs from executed criminals.
A report of the American State Department states that there are many indications that organs are removed from prisoners who are still alive and that executions are timed to meet the timetable of transplants.
While the traffic in the organs of executed criminals is a taboo subject in China the Chinese Vice-Minister of Health, Huang Jiefu, who is himself a surgeon specialised in kidney transplant, admitted during a recent conference in Manila that 95% of transplant organs originated from executions.

Nazanin, teenager awaiting execution in Iran

The Iranian courts have sentenced Nazanin to death by hanging for having reportedly admitted stabbing one of three men who attempted to rape her and her 16 year old niece. She was 17 years old at the time of the attempted rape.
Her sentence is still subject to review by the Court of Appeal.
At least eight minors in Iran were hanged in 2005
A petitition to save her may be signed by clicking to the link on the right.
Allah is all merciful

Death Penalty in Malaysia

A move to abandon the death penalty in Malaysia would have momentous effect on its practice in Thailand, just as a similar move in Thailand would surely affect practice in Malaysia. It is with great interest that we learn of a statement by a Malaysian government minister favouring abolition.

Cabinet minister in charge of law supports calls for abolishing death penalty
A Malaysian Cabinet minister in charge of law said he supports calls for abolishing Malaysia's death penalty, which is largely used against drug traffickers, a news report said Tuesday. Nazri Aziz, minister in charge of law in the Prime Minister's Department, was quoted as saying by the New Straits Times newspaper.
Nazri was responding to an announcement over the weekend by the Malaysian Bar Council that it would campaign for abolishment of the death penalty.
Nazri and his spokesmen could not immediately be reached for comment. The Malaysian Bar Council said the death penalty is barbaric, inhumane and an insufficient deterrent for crime.
Malaysia is one of 76 countries which still impose the death penalty. It is mandatory for murder, certain firearms offenses and for trafficking in heroin, cocaine, opium and marijuana, and for offenses against the king. Possession of drugs is presumed to be trafficking.
The death penalty, which is administered by hanging, can also be imposed at the discretion of a judge for kidnapping, associating with people carrying arms or explosives and waging war against the ruler.
Since 1970, Malaysia has hanged 359 people, 40 of them in the last 10 years. Most were convicted of drug trafficking.
There are 159 prisoners on death row.
The Malaysian Bar Council has also called for an immediate moratorium on all death sentences pending amendments to the law.
But Nazri said that was not possible.
"The death sentence has been part of our laws for a long time. It goes with the fabric of the whole system. After discussions are held, hopefully the attorney general will advise the government", he said. (New Straits Times)

Inadequate Defense Causes Reverse of Death Sentence

It is a commonplace of the death penalty that whether an accused is sentenced to death or not depends on the effectiveness of the defence lawyer. The case of an accused who must rely on a court appointed lawyer is particularly questionable. What is the criterion of diligence for a lawyer neither chosen nor paid by the defendent?
A recent decision by the US Supreme Court took an unusual initiative in overturning a death sentence in such a case:
WASHINGTON, June 20 - The Supreme Court overturned a Pennsylvania man's death sentence on Monday on the ground that his lawyers' failure to search his record for evidence that could have persuaded the jury to spare his life fell below minimum constitutional standards for the effective assistance of counsel....The point of contention among the justices in the case was the failure of defense lawyers to examine the file of a rape case in which the accused had been convicted 14 years earlier. The case was germane because the prosecution had announced its intention to use the case to show that the accused was a previously convicted violent felon, one of the "aggravating circumstances" on which the Pennsylvania death penalty law permits juries to rely in imposing a sentence of death.
Are justices in Thai courts aware of a duty to assess the effectiveness of defence lawyers?

Religion and Death Penalty

Moral issues are a primary interest of all religions and religion should influence thinking on capital punishment. However, in the matter of capital punishment as in that of war, divergence between ideal teaching and practice may be expected.

The prohibition on the killing of Cain who murdered his brother Abel, related in the Jewish Bible, is a clear teaching against capital punishment. However, other texts of the Bible have been quoted to support capital punishment as well as to oppose it. Modern Israel has abolished capital punishment for ordinary crimes. The execution of Eichmann for his part in the Holocaust followed old patterns of retribution.

Christianity is a unique religion in that the acknowledged founder, Jesus, was himself executed as a criminal by the cruel method of crucifixion. The crucifix is the symbol of Christianity. If translated to modern imagery the symbol might have been the gallows or the gantry used for lethal injection. An incident is recorded in the Christian New Testament where Jesus intervened to stop execution by stoning of a woman taken in adultery by declaring “Let him who is without fault throw the first stone”. It is strange that this ‘fatwa’ by a prophet is not quoted in the same context in Muslim countries. Historically, Christianity has accepted the death penalty; even the Vatican as a papal state had its own executioner. However, the previous pope was steadfastly against capital punishment and the Catholic Church has become staunchly abolitionist. The fact that the death penalty has been abolished throughout Christian South America may be ascribed in part to the influence of a Catholic culture.

The Muslim code of law, Sharia, includes the death penalty. However its application is far removed from the practice of fundamentalist Muslim states such as Saudi Arabia and Iran who are high on the list of world executioners. Moderation is illustrated in an account of a person brought before the Prophet on the capital charge of apostasy. It was charged that the accused had thrown his spear into the sky saying ‘I want to kill you, God’. When asked by the Prophet the reason for his action the man replied that he was angry at God because his loved one had died. The Prophet opposed the death penalty by asking: ‘Is it not enough for you that he believes in God to want to kill him’. On another occasion he went to great lengths in an attempt to stop the stoning of an adulterous woman. Mercy is Islam’s hallmark because it is Allah’s foremost characteristic. Capital punishment can follow only complete certainty of guilt with support of witnesses. Repentance and forgiveness are grounds for the remission of all penalties, in contrast to the practice of many Muslim states. Of the 48 Muslim-majority states worldwide, 23 can be considered abolitionist in various forms, whereas the retentionists are 25.

In principle Buddhism should be abolitionist. One of the five precepts for all Buddhists is the principle of abstaining from taking life. That all life is to be treasured is a logical extension of ‘ahimsa’ or non-violence. This stand is related to the belief that rehabilitation is a possibility for every one, even the cruellest murderer. The consequence for a ruler is stated in a 2^nd or 3^rd century A.D. text, ‘The Precious Garland of Advice for the King’:

“Once you have analysed the angry

Murderers and recognised them well,

You should banish them without

Killing or tormenting them”

It is recorded that the regimes of many enlightened Buddhist rulers abolished the death penalty.

One may conclude that the main religions of the world which are represented in Thailand are valuable allies in the movement against the death penalty. It is important to distinguish between a true interpretation of these religions and examples of distorted practice which are inconsistent with authentic beliefs.

Statement of Thai medical personnel against participation in executions

Thailand has introduced execution by lethal injection on the assumption that a method perfected in the United States of America must be the most satisfactory. However,
Thai doctors have already condemned participation in the executions by doctors or nurses.

แพทย์กับการประหารชีวิต
เฮนรี่ ไวลต์, พ.บ.*, ชุมศักดิ์ พฤกษาพงษ์, พ.บ.**,
สุขิต เผ่าสวัสดิ์, พ.บ.***, เยื้อน ตันนิรันดร, พ.บ.***, สุรศักดิ์ ฐานีพานิชสกุล, พ.บ.***
นับตั้งแต่ปีพ.ศ.2478 เป็นต้นมา ประเทศไทยได้ใช้วิธียิงเป้าเป็นการประหารชีวิตไปแล้ว 279 ราย ในจำนวนนี้มี ผู้หญิง 1 ราย ซึ่งต้องคำพิพากษาในข้อหาลักพา ขณะนี้มีผู้ต้องหาอีก 53 ราย ที่รอการประหารชีวิตอยู่ โดยหนึ่งในจำนวนนั้นเป็นผู้หญิง ส่วนใหญ่เป็นผู้ต้องหาค้ายาเสพติด ฆาตกรรมและข่มขืนแล้วฆ่าเด็ก แต่ละรายมีโอกาสอุทธรณ์หรือแม้แต่การยื่นฎีกาขอพระราชทานอภัยโทษจากพระเจ้าอยู่หัว ปี พ.ศ. 2541 ที่ผ่านมามีการประหารชีวิตเพียงสองราย แต่มีบางกระแสกระตุ้นให้เร่งกระบวนการพิจารณาคดีให้จบสิ้นเร็วขึ้น โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งคดียาเสพติด ทั้งนี้เพื่อหวังจะให้ผู้คิดจะทำผิดเกิดความหวาดกลัว
เท่าที่ผ่านมาแพทย์และ/หรือพยาบาลมีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องกับกระบวนการประหารชีวิตได้ 2 ทางคือ ตรวจรับรองว่า ผู้ต้องหายังมีชีวิตและมีสติสัมปชัญญะหรือว่าตายแล้ว
เมื่อเร็วๆนี้กรมราชทัณฑ์เสนอให้มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงรูปแบบของการประหารชีวิตจากการยิงเป้ามาเป็นการฉีดยาให้ตาย โดยอ้างว่าวิธีใหม่ต้องด้วยหลักมนุษยธรรมมากกว่าและเป็นไปตามมาตรฐานนานาชาติในการปฏิบัติตามคำพิพากษาของศาล หากแนวคิดใหม่นี้สามารถก่อให้เกิดผลในทางปฏิบัติแล้ว แพทย์และ / หรือพยาบาลก็อาจต้องเข้ามามีส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง
คณะทำงานด้านจริยธรรมของแพทยสมาคมแห่งประเทศไทยฯ ไม่ขอวิจารณ์ประเด็นการทำโทษผู้ต้องหาด้วย การประหารชีวิต แต่จะตั้งข้อสังเกตว่า การประหารชีวิตเป็นกิริยาอาการที่ไม่สามารถทำอย่างถูกสุขลักษณะหรือต้องด้วยมนุษยธรรมได้ ข้อสำคัญคือในหลายๆประเทศได้ปรากฎว่ามีการประหารชีวิตผู้บริสุทธิ์ไปด้วย แพทย์และพยาบาลมิได้เป็น ผู้พิพากษาและคงไม่สมควรอย่างยิ่งเป็นผู้ช่วยในการประหารชีวิตคน ในเมื่อบุคคลทั้งสองวิชาชีพต่างมีอุดมการณ์และให้สัตย์ปฏิญานตนไว้ว่าจะช่วยปกป้องชีวิตและทำให้ผู้ป่วยเจ็บหายจากโรคโดยไม่ทำอันตรายต่อสุขภาพร่างกาย การเข้าร่วมกระบวนการประหารชีวิตในรูปแบบใดก็ตามจึงเป็นการกระทำที่ละเมิดกฎข้อบังคับทางจริยธรรมตามมาตรฐานสากลแห่งวิชาชีพ ซึ่งองค์กรแพทย์หลายแห่งโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งแพทยสมาคมโลก ได้ให้คำจำกัดความของประเด็นนี้พร้อมทั้งห้ามมิให้สมาชิกเข้าไปมีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องกับการทรมานหรือประหารชีวิตคน อย่างไรก็ตามปัญหาที่อาจเกิดขึ้นในประเทศไทย โดยเฉพาะแพทย์และพยาบาลที่ปฏิบัติราชการอยู่ในกระบวนการยุติธรรม คือ จะทำอย่างไรหากได้รับคำสั่งให้เข้าร่วมกระบวนการประหารชีวิต ดังนั้นเพื่อแก้ปัญหานี้ จึงควรที่จะต้องมีกฎข้อบังคับซึ่งเอื้ออำนวยให้แพทย์และพยาบาลสามารถปฏิเสธการเข้าร่วมกิจกรรมอันขัดต่อจริยธรรมวิชาชีพโดยไม่ต้องรับโทษทัณฑ์อันเกิดจากการขัดคำสั่ง ปรากฎว่าในบางประเทศได้ทำอย่างที่กล่าวและ น่านำมาพิจารณาปฏิบัติในประเทศไทย
ถ้าหากจะมีการประหารชีวิตจริงๆ คงจะต้องพิจารณาเลือกปฏิบัติต่ออาชญากรที่กระทำอาชญากรรมร้ายแรงและมีการพิจารณาความที่พิสูจน์ยืนยันอย่างชนิดที่ปราศจากข้อสงสัยใดๆ ส่วนในประเด็นที่ว่าผู้ต้องหาจะต้องตายด้วยกระสุนปืนหรือสารพิษนั้น ไม่ควรต้องพึ่งพาแพทย์หรือพยาบาล
คำสำคัญ : แพทย์, การประหารชีวิต
* สถานเสาวภา, สภากาชาดไทย, กรุงเทพฯ 10330
** ฝ่ายศัลยกรรม, โรงพยาบาลตำรวจ, กรุงเทพฯ 10330
*** ภาควิชาสูติศาสตร์-นรีเวชวิทยา, คณะแพทยศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, กรุงเทพฯ 10330

There are increasing objections to the method of lethal injection in the United States itself
Most recently the execution of Michael Morales in the State of California has been postponed indefinately when two anesthesiologists refused to participate in the execution:

"Morales, 46, of Stockton was to have been put to death at 7:30 p.m. at San Quentin State Prison for raping, bludgeoning and stabbing 17-year-old Terri Winchell near Lodi in January 1981. The execution originally was scheduled for 12:01 a.m. Tuesday, but it was postponed when two anesthesiologists withdrew their agreement to monitor the injection of a three-drug sequence and to make sure Morales was unconscious as he was being put to death."
The refusal of the anesthesiologists to participate is in line with the declaration of the American Society of Anesthesiologists:

"Where ASA stands on lethal injection
ASA does not take a position on capital punishment, as this is not the practice of medicine.
ASA recognizes the American Medical Association's ethical principles about physician participation in lethal injections, in particular that physicians should not participate in executions, either by direct action or by performing ancillary functions. This includes making recommendations about drugs to be used.
Physicians are healers, not executioners. The doctor-patient relationship depends upon the inviolate principle that a doctor uses his or her medical expertise only for the benefit of patients"

China - World Executioner. Organ Marketeer?

China executes more people every year than the rest of the world combined. By some estimates, the number of executions is more than 10,000 a year. The government's relentless death penalty machine has long been its harshest tool for maintaining political control and curbing crime and corruption. But it has now become a glaring uncertainty about China's commitment to the rule of law. There is widespread suspicion, even within the government, that too many innocent people are sentenced to death. This year, a raft of cases came to light in which wrongful convictions had led to death sentences, or, in one well-publicized case, the execution of an innocent man.
Reforming capital punishment has become a priority within the Communist Party-controlled legal system, partly because of international pressure to reduce abuses. Within the party-run legislative system, there is a broader debate about how to improve criminal law. But achieving those reforms is hardly certain. Hard-liners are loath to restrict the power of the police and the courts to take a tough line. Death penalty reforms announced by the People's Supreme Court - and broadly trumpeted in the state news media - are mostly just a return to the status quo of 1980.

A report in the UK "The Independent" of 21st March 2006 tells of a Japanese business man, Kenichiro Hokamura, who underwent a kidney transplant in a Shanghai hospital. He had tracked down the offer of a kindey on the Internet. The operation cost 50,000 euros. He was told by his interpreter that the "donor" of the kidney was a young person who had been executed. It appears that Japanese are the main purchasers of such organs. Both private and state hospitals host the operations.

Where is the justice?

Bangkok Post: Tuesday February 28, 2006
Court upholds Pipat's sentence

The Supreme Court yesterday upheld a two-year suspended jail sentence handed down by a lower court on a university lecturer whose attack on his wife led to her death in 2001.
Pipat Lueprasithsakul was found guilty of physically assaulting his wife in 2001 following a heated row, causing her to suffer fatal
injuries.
Shortly after the attack, Pipat, who was employed by the National Institute of Development Administration (Nida), fled to Laos and Vietnam. He turned himself in three months later to face the charges against him.
The court ruled in 2002 that Pipat receive a two-year suspended sentence on three years parole on the condition he carry out 50 hours of community service by teaching at an educational institution. The verdict drew widespread criticism. Prosecutors acting on behalf of the victim's family chose to appeal the sentence in the same year.
The Supreme Court ruled yesterday that Pipat, 47, did not intend to kill his wife, but was overcome with anger after discovering that she had gone out to meet an ex-boyfriend. The court said Pipat ought to get a lenient sentence because he had confessed to the crime all along. It was felt he should also get the chance for rehabilitation and the opportunity to raise his children.
Mr Pipat, now a guest lecturer at Rangsit University, was delighted by the decision.
Pipat said he had completed 50 hours community service by giving lectures at the Naval Medical Department and spending 40 hours teaching children affected by the Dec 26, 2004 tsunami.
Women's rights activist Ticha na Nakhon said she feared the case would be detrimental in dealing with cases of domestic violence. The Women's and Constitution Network would hold a seminar on the ruling so the public could learn about the legal aspects of domestic violence.

In campaigning against the death penalty we in no way deny the justice of proportionate punishment against those who kill another person.Teaching at an educational institution is an honourable profession. 50 hours of teaching would be a normal workload of one month for a staff member in a college or university.
Where is the balance of justice which weighs such a task against the vicious beating to death of a wife, which no extenuating circumstance can condone. A one month teaching load cannot pay the debt to society created by such a crime. Our campaign against the death penalty is based on an inalienable respect for the value of human life. The same respect for human life demands proportionate punishment for one who deprives another of life.

Respect life, abolish the death penalty

Published on Feb 6, 2006 , Nation newspaper
On January 1, a visiting Welsh student was raped and murdered on Koh Samui. When two fishermen were arrested for this horrendous crime, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra proclaimed that those convicted “must be sentenced to the harshest possible punishment”, affirming that the execution would “give remedy to the relatives and the British Government”. He appeared unaware that the UK Government has absolutely rejected the death penalty. The mother of the murdered girl has also expressed opposition to the execution of the murderers. There remains the primary reason cited by Thaksin, that the guilty had “caused serious damage to our country’s reputation”, again unaware that their execution would return Thailand to the minority of nations practising this barbaric punishment. It is time to review and question the inevitability of the death penalty.

These are the objections to the death penalty:

No human being or group of human beings can arrogate the right to put another human being to death, for whatever reason. Life is the basic right of every man, woman, and child and it cannot be denied them. Execution in any form is inhuman and cruel.

Secondly, innocent people are sometimes executed and there is no redress. Advances in forensic medicine reveal more and more cases of wrongful sentencing. There are cases where the person condemned and executed was indeed guilty of murder, but glaring extenuating circumstances were such that the sentence of execution should never have been passed.

Thirdly, the argument that execution is a necessary deterrent to heinous crimes is not supported by empirical evidence. Changes in crime rates follow complex social laws but this much is clear: countries that abolish the death penalty do not experience a sudden rise in their murder rates, and over the long term these rates may register either an increase or a decrease.

Fourthly, it is held that the death penalty is necessary to give satisfaction to the family of the victim, as if vengeance should be satisfied with payment of a blood debt, as if the sad arithmetic of adding minus one to minus one sums to zero. Satisfaction and closure to help heal the sorrow are necessary. Justice must be done and a penalty imposed. A punishment that can and sometimes does lead to the reform of the culprit, leads, in the long run, to greater consolation for the bereaved.

The question of cost is raised; it is said that to execute a criminal is cheaper than to detain him indefinitely. Adolf Hitler followed the same reasoning in ordering the elimination of institutionalised defective children. Is there an economic measure for the value of a human life? When all the safeguards of right of appeal and the costs of “humane” execution are added up, continued detention may not be more expensive. If into the balance is thrown the benefit to society of the reformed criminal or, even more, the reprieved innocent, where does the economic argument stand?

The realisation has slowly dawned that we may not kill, even in retribution for those who killed others. The first to legislate this realisation was the State of Tuscany in 1786. Venezuela became the first modern state to reject the death penalty. Today more than half of the world’s nations have abolished capital punishment. The stance of countries with a liberal democratic regime is significant. We do not expect Iran or China to set standards for worldwide morality! The matter becomes clearer when we list the countries with the highest rates of execution:

Highest Rates of Execution in 2004

China: at least 5000
Iran: 197
Vietnam: at least 82
United States: 59
North Korea: scores
Saudi Arabia: at least 38
Pakistan: at least 29

How has it come about that the United States is listed among the most reactionary countries of the world when it comes to capital punishment? While the majority of countries have followed humanitarian ideals through to the abolition of capital punishment, the United States remains locked in an outlook of religious fundamentalism and authoritarianism. There is parity between the current adversaries, fundamentalist Muslims and fundamentalist Americans.

The UN is the supreme voice of all nations on earth. In the Second Protocol to the Convention of Civil and Political Rights it proposes a solemn commitment: “Abolition of the death penalty contributes to enhancement of human dignity and progressive development of human rights...all measures of abolition of the death penalty should be considered as progress in the enjoyment of the right of life.” The commitment must be total: “No one within the jurisdiction of a state party to the present protocol shall be executed.”

Many countries still believe that their country faces particular circumstances, which dictate that the law must be imposed with the ultimate sanction of death. For such countries, and Thailand is one of their number, there is an alternative. Apply a moratorium on executions, whether by decree or de facto, and see from what [happens] whether these fears were justified.

In Thailand, the last execution took place in December 2003. However, the number of people under sentence of death tripled to nearly 1000 last year, mostly on charges relating to drug trafficking. The United Nations Human Rights Commission is concerned about the issue of the death penalty in Thailand, asserting that offences related to drug trafficking are not included in the category of “most serious crimes” for which the imposition of the death penalty might be acceptable. The conditions of imprisonment were also criticised and an order was given – by virtue of a legal treaty, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, signed by Thailand – to “stop immediately” the shackling of prisoners condemned to death.

As noted above, in Thailand there have been no executions since December 2003. The Union for Civil Liberties proposes the extension of this apparent moratorium to a period of ten years, which would thereby accord Thailand the status of a de facto abolitionist country. One may hope that the outcome will allow our people to realise that another way is possible and become willing to accede to the Second Optional Protocol. Thailand already offers an example of a democratic way. The freedom of its people may be further enhanced by affirming an inviolable respect for life and abolishing the death penalty.

Danthong Breen
The Nation
Danthong Breen is president of the Union for Civil Liberty, Bangkok.

Capital Punishment Defies Teachings of the Buddha

Response to Interview with Somsri Hananuntasuk
Re: “‘Execution is not the answer’,” Nation News, January 30.
Kudos to Somsri Hananuntasuk for her compassion and moral courage in publicly opposing capital punishment. Such courage is rare in Thailand. The death penalty is an atavistic barbarity grounded in the vengeful law of lex talionis (an eye for an eye). It has no place in a civilised society and never in a nation based on Buddha’s principle of respect for all human life. Gautama Siddharta rejected it. So did Yeshua.
The deterrent argument is an obnoxious rationalisation, since overwhelming research and statistics have revealed that capital punishment does not deter the deliberate killing of another person. Even if it did, it should be abolished as inhumane. For the state to kill its citizens for crimes like rape and drug trafficking is beyond the pale. What’s next? Economic crimes like graft and corruption? Thailand would have an execution a week.
Even more astounding is that Buddhist monks support it, and those who do not are too craven to speak out against it. Shame! Why are they Buddhist monks? Somsri is more a true Buddhist than they will ever be. Bless her. She has my unreserved admiration.
OG Pamp
Prachuap Khiri Khan